Classification of bricks

On field practice

Clay bricks are classified as first class, second class, third class and fourth class based on their physical and mechanical properties.

First class bricks

1. The completely burned and are of deep red, cherry or copper color .

2. Square and rectangular surfaces, straight edges and sharp corners should be smooth and parallel.

3. These should be free of cracks and stones.

4. They should have a similar composition.

5. With an impression of a zero- one nail is kept in the brick.

6. Fractured surface of the brick and limestone lumps should not show.

7. The two bricks are struck against each other should be a metallic or ringing sound.

8. Submerged in cold water for 24 hours, the water absorption of the dry weight should be 12-15 %.

9. Crushing strength of the brick must be less than 10 N/mm2. The limit varies across the country with various government organizations.

Uses: These are used for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforced brick work.

Second class bricks

1. Little amount of cracks are permitted.

2. Higher absorption about 16–20% of its dry weight.

3. The crushing strength should not be less than 7.0 N/mm2.

Uses: These are used for all the hidden type of brick masonry.

Third class bricks

They are less burnt and light-colored produces dull sound while hitting with each other.

Uses: They are used for temporary structure due to less strength.

Fourth class bricks

Poor burned and deformed shapes and sizes and are fragile by nature.

Uses: The ballast of such bricks is used for foundation and floors in lime concrete and road metal.

On the basis of use

Common brick

It is usually performed without reference to the special purpose unit of economic production. The strength and durability, and appearance is a result of where the load is going to be used for baking and walls.

Facing bricks

They are made for architectural view only.

Engineering bricks

They are strong, impermeable, smooth, table moulded, hard and conform to defined limits of absorption and strength. These are used for all load bearing structures.

On basis of finish

Sand-faced brick

It has sand texture surface manufactured by sprinkling sand on the inner surfaces of the mould.

Rustic brick

It has mechanically textured finish, varying in pattern.

On basis of manufactured

Hand-made bricks

These bricks are hand moulded.

Machine made

Depending upon mechanical arrangement, bricks are known as wire-cut bricks—bricks cut from clay extruded in a column and cut off into brick sizes by wires; pressed- bricks—when bricks are manufactured from stiff plastic or semi-dry clay and pressed into moulds; moulded bricks—when bricks are moulded by machines imitating hand mixing.

On basis of burning

Pale bricks

They are underburnt bricks obtained from outer portion of the kiln.

Body brick

They are well burnt bricks occupying central portion of the kiln.

Arch brick

They are overburnt also known as clinker bricks obtained from inner portion of the kiln.

On basis of types

Solid

Small holes not exceeding 25 per cent of the volume of the brick are permitted; alternatively, frogs not exceeding 20 per cent of the total volume are permitted.

Perforated

Small holes may exceed 25 per cent of the total volume of the brick.

Hollow

The total of holes, which need not be small, may exceed 25 per cent of the volume of the brick.

Cellular

Holes closed at one end exceed 20 per cent of the volume.




Classification of bricks

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Concrete has great compressive strength but needs more materials for tension. In the past, the steel used to reinforce concrete low tensile load. Furthermore, other materials are also used as fiber reinforcement. The ‘green’ construction, which seems to be limited to the physical structure embodied energy. We think highly of the rapid turnover and reinforces the need to find materials that can serve as. At the same time, the material will have to work in extreme conditions correctly. In 1966 at Naval Engineering laboratory released the document of “BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION” and noticed the ultimate use of bamboo as reinforcement for construction. There are so many types of bamboos are available in the world for best properties for this use. BAMBOO can replace the steel reinforcement in construction if it will be coated by decay resistance cover. As like steel, bamboo can be bent by applying heat which can form pressure. By this method Bamboos can be bent in to C shape and like in stirrups. It can be placed either wet or dry bamboo. To avoid moisture in Bamboo waterproof coating added to the exterior. This coating can avoid the swelling of Bamboo during construction. Waterproof coating is required because without this bamboo will swell during construction and there are chances of damage of structure.     Techniques are same for casting only material (bamboo) and its properties are changed. Bamboo due to the low modulus flexural members of the crack growth under load is always normal service. With this the above- grade concrete structures reinforced with bamboo standard treatment for severe conditions will handle the expected load. However buildings with concrete foundation or concrete structures and for general use force in the event of a natural disaster can create acceptable conditions. Bamboos don’t have greater strength like steel, so it is preferable for only light weight structure.

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Lightweight precast concrete floors

Advantages of Lightweight precast concrete floors:

 35 % compared to the regular precast concrete floor slab of the floor to reduce the weight of the frame is lighter and less structural columns and beams, are needed.

Longer allow (14m X 14m) in a clear and thin but equally strong, the maximum unobstructed floor space and cannot see the open roof spans concrete structures.

Designed to fit and also provides full architectural design freedom : plate size and shape, with maximum dimensions of the customer ‘s specification factory 4m x 10m, 4 different across the floor height ( 280 mm , 340 mm long , The pipe , in the ducts, of wiring or concrete core air conditioning viable option embedded in the fabric of the energy storage system ( FES ) for service with a 390 mm ​​front and 450 mm ) .

Wood fiber insulation- introduction

Wood fiber insulation

Wood fiber insulation was introduced twenty years ago to recycle the use of timber waste. Engineers made insulation from that waste.

WHAT IS HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL?

High performance steel:-

All steels possess a combination of properties that determines how well a steel performs its intended function. Strength, weldability, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and formability are all important to determine how well a steel performs. High -performance steel can be defined as having an optimized balance of these properties to give maximum performance in bridge structures while remainin g cost -effective.

Tire as construction material

Tire as construction material 

House from tires

Per year around 300 million waste tires are generated only in U.S. We have really good luck that businesses of this scrap tires are increasing and they are used in construction. From this use recycling and reuse rate increases.Building with tires is the best funda.to use tires as construction material and make green building.

FLY ASH BRICKS-AAC(autocaved aerated concrete) BLOCKS

Fly ash brick is the  construction material containing fly ash and water. It is compressed at 28Mpa(278 atm) and cured for 1 day at 66 °C of steam then air entertainment agent is added. By adding CaO in fly ash brick is known as “self-cementing”. Manufacturing of flyash brick reduces mercury pollution, and costs up to 20% then normal brick

How NANOMATERIALS are used in construction?

NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES AS REINFORCEMENT:

NANOMATERIALS

In the development of nano-vehicles, is expected nanotubes and nanowires to significantly improve the properties of composite materials. Silicon carbide has considered as an excellent reinforcement wires for vehicles because of the strength of the core material. However, the silicon carbide wires have a smooth surface and is easily removed when the compound fracture because of low adhesion between matrix and wires. Therefore, we must make the wires glimpse of the silicon carbide surface to improve adhesion.

How BAMBOO is used in Construction?

Bamboos:-

bamboo

Bamboos can be used in construction. Bamboo has great potential for production of composite materials and components and can be used as  non-structural applications in construction. Bamboo is the ancient material used by us.

Bamboo is simply used for bridges, scaffolding and housing, but it is usually used as a temporary exterior structural material. In many overly populated regions of the tropics it is used as economical house. It has been used in bicycles, windmills, scales etc.

ALGAE LAMPS - eat CO2

French chemist Pierre dynamic lamp invented algae do not require electricity for lighting, and also eats carbon emissions that cause global warming.

SPRAYED CONCRETE : concreting without formwork

SPRAYED CONCRETE

Sprayed concrete has been used till 50 years and also used for renovation. It is used both for effective repairs and for new constructions. The sprayed concrete forms and excellent bond with itself, concrete and masonry. Pressure on the substrate according to its own momentum in the strong-intensive products have good resistance to corrosion and weathering. This lack of access and low water-cement ratio a series of effective application provides a solid concrete.

BENDABLE CONCRETE introduction

BENDABLE CONCRETE :

bendable concrete

The new concrete is 500 times more resistant to cracking and 40 percent lighter in weight. The materials in the concrete are designed for maximum flexibility.  Traditional concrete presents many problems of lack of durability and sustainability, failure under severe loading  and the resulting expenses of repair. The ductile or bendable concrete is made mainly of the same materials in regular concrete minus the coarse aggregate. It looks exactly like regular concrete, but under excessive strain, the ECC concrete gives because the network of fibers veining the cement is allowed to slide within the cement, thus avoiding the inflexibility that causes brittleness and breakage.

How Light transmitting concrete works ? - LITRACON

LITRACON :

Light transmitting concrete

LiTraCon (“light transmitting concrete”) is a building material made of fine concret with 5% by weight of optical glass fibers which allows light transmission.

The days of grey concrete has over. The Hungarian architect has combined the concrete with optical fiber to create LITRACON.

Rammed earth bricks -best traditional Green material

Rammed earth is an elderly construction technique. Rammed earth has been around for thousands of years –it was used in construction of THE GREAT CHINA WALL.

Rammed earth bricks

If we would like to construct an economic and an eco-friendly construction RAMMED EARTH BRICKS are the best material.

Process of construction of a rammed-earth structure is the same as the last century. Moisture stiff material such as gravel or clay is combined with stabilizing elements such as concrete, it is compressed to form a hard walls and dence. After the construction of rammed earth, you will need to cure for a few months to two years in a humid climate for completely curing.

concrete allows Percolation-previous concreate

PERVIOUS CONCRETE:

Pervious concrete is sometimes specified by engineers and architects when porosity is required to allow some air movement or to facillitate the drainage and flow of water through structures.

Pervious concrete is referred to as “no fines” concrete because it is manufactured by leaving out the sand or “fine aggregate”.

A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand (fines), creating a substantial void content. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles together creates a system of highly permeable, interconnected voids that drains quickly. Typically, between 15% and 25% voids are achieved in the hardened concrete, and flow rates for water through pervious concrete are typically around 480 in./hr (0.34 cm/s, which is 5 gal/ft²/ min or 200 L/m²/min), although they can be much higher.Both the low mortar content and high porosity also reduce strength compared to conventional concrete mixtures, but sufficient strength for many applications is readily achieved. Pervious concrete pavement is a unique and effective means to address important environmental issues and support sustainable growth. By capturing rainwater and allowing it to seep into the ground, porous concrete is instrumental in recharging groundwater, reducing stormwater runoff, and meeting US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stormwater regulations.This pavement technology creates more efficient land use  by eliminating the need for retention ponds, swales, and other stormwater management devices. In doing so, pervious concrete has the ability to lower overall project costs on a first-cost basis.

Perhaps the most important aspect in designing pervious concrete pavements for freeze-thaw areas is avoiding, or at least limiting, saturation, especially during the time of year when freezing can be expected. It is possible to design pervious concrete pavements to control the degree of saturation and the average maximum distance to a free surface. Proper subbase design and preparation are keys to pulling rainwater, ice, and snowmelt away from the pavement and ensuring suitable drainage.

AEROCON BRICKS-GREEN BRICK

Aerocon bricks are used in every construction.

Aerocon brick is the best alternative construction material. These bricks are rapidly growing.



These type of bricks bring green building revolution.  The materials used in the production of these bricks are certified green products (environmentally friendly). They are the best alternative to replace traditional materials like wall materials, clay brick, brick and concrete.

How to do Waterproof Mud Plaster?

Most of the houses in villages are built either with kachha (Sundried) bricks or blocks, or with lump mud. Mud walls are protected against damage from rain by applying mud plaster, consisting of local soil or mud collected from village pond mixed with bhusha (wheat straw) on outer walls, rendering with gobri (Cow dung slurry). This traditional method of application of mud plaster of course is cheap; however can not with-sand even a few hours of continuous rains, with the result that usually the mud plaster gets eroded and considerable damage is done to the house. Thus a water proof mud rendering on mud walls can save the walls from frequent damage and increase its durability and life for 30 to 35 years with normal annual maintenance.

Problems with Ordinary Mud Plaster

The problem of durability of mud plaster is two fold. Firstly the plaster should be non-erodable and secondly it should be water proof against local rain fall. The reason for the first requirement is obvious. As regards water proofness the necessity arises from the mechanism of separation of a plaster from kachha wall. During the continuous rain, moisture penetrates through out the plaster and softeness the surface of the wall in contact with the plaster, thereby weakening the bond between the wall face and the plaster. Normally on drying out, the adhesion between the wall surface and the plaster should be fully restored, but due to the differential shrinkage between plaster and wall, local stresses develop, which are too high for the weakened bond between the plaster and the softened wall face to overcome. A partial separation thus occurs and by repeated wetting and. drying, due to alternating rainfall and sun shine, the plaster ultimately comes off in flakes.

PLASTIC BOTTOL BRICK - It helps to reduce plastic waste.

Problem with plastic bottle to the environment. There are so much waste of plastic bottle. They are so harmful to us.

Only in America 10.5 million tons of plastic waste a year generated but recycle only 1 to 2 % of it. They are filled in to the land,so they will break down into millions of pieces and bio-accumulation in our food chain.

Solution-make brick of plastic bottle.



It is used in non load bearing structure

E-window Introduction

These windows keeps the heat inside the house in the winter and outside in the summer.

Under normal circumstances, this coating in the house, there is no double windows with external storm windows. The technology in the soft coating and hard coating. Soft-coated glass layer, and the hard coat layer to the outside.

E-Window

Low-cost E-window is usually between $ 60 and $ 110. It is clear storm glass Windows and more than 10% to 15% but they have certain advantages: it can reduce the flow of heat through the glass to the half, which will help reduce heating costs 10-20%.

CO2 used in construction

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

As part of stability in the global atmosphere in the future of this strategy, the industrialized countries may lead to a large amount of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide can be used for the treatment of precast concrete.

co2

CO₂ may be used for curing pre-cast concrete units.  Manufacturers can use concrete block carbon dioxide to reduce energy consumption. This is the routine use of steam treatment takes a lot of energy.