BubbleDeck concrete

The composite slabs are made of BubbleDeck type slab elements with spherical gaps, poured in place on transversal and longitudinal directions. By introducing the gaps leads to a 30…50% lighter slab which reduces the loads on the columns, walls and foundations, and of course of the entire building. These slab elements have a bottom and an upper concrete part connected with vertical ribs that go around the gaps. The reinforcement of the plates is made of two meshes one at the bottom part and one at the upper part that can be tied or welded. The distances between the bars correspond to the dimensions of the bubbles that are to be embodied and the quantity of the reinforcement from the longitudinal and the transversal ribs of the slab. The two mashes are connected after placing the spheres into places in order to form a rigid shell. The bubbles are made by embodying high density polypropylene in the concrete, arranged according to the project and placed between the reinforcement meshes. The material that are made of don’t react chemically with the concrete or the reinforcement, it has no porosity and has enough rigidity and strength to take over the loads as much as from the pouring of the concrete as from the subsequent phases of this process.

The nominal diameter of the gaps may be of: 180, 225, 270, 315 or 360 mm.

The minimum distance between gaps is 1/9 of the gaps diameter.

The total height of the BubbleDeck slab elements is constant. Function of the diameter of the bubbles that are used, the total height may be: 230, 280, 340, 390 or 450 mm.

It’s a fact that regardless of the diameter of the bubble used, respectively the thickness of the slab, the own weight stays practically constant.

In order to increase the shear strength capacity and bending moment in the areas with stress concentration (for example near the columns or walls) it is possible that in these areas gaps are not provided.

The surface of the filled (no gaps) areas are chosen function of the loads and the thickness of the slab. The BubbleDeck slab gaps elements can be delivered in the following versions: Version A. Reinforcement modules in which the spheres are placed to produce the gaps and if the case, tubes for HVAC (electrical, heating, etc.), modules that are to be placed in formworks. The plates are cast in place. Version B. Partial precast concrete elements. They have the bottom part made of precast concrete and the connections between elements and the overconcreting are cast in place. In this version the elements are delivered as manufacturing made elements, consisting of a precast concrete layer with 60 mm thickness in which is embedded the bottom part of the reinforcement shell of the entire slab element, the bottom part of the spheres that make the gaps and, function of situation the HVAC tubes. The precast concrete layer from the bottom part is used also as horizontal formwork at the bottom part. The partially precast elements are made with widths of 2,400 mm or 3,000 mm and spans up to 14 m. The concrete used for the precast layer can be of common concrete or selfleveling concrete. Minimum class of concrete is C20/25.

 

 

Advantages:-

• Design freedom – flexible layout easily adapts to irregular & curved plan layouts.


• Reduced dead weight -35% removed allowing smaller foundation sizes.


• Longer spans between columns – up to 50% further than traditional structures.


• Downstand beams eliminated – quicker and cheaper erection of walls and services.


• Load bearing walls eliminated – facilitating MMC with lightweight building envelopes.


• Reduced concrete usage – 1 kg recycled plastic replaces 100 kg of concrete.


• Environmentally green and sustainable – reduced energy & carbon emissions.


• 8% of global CO₂ emissions are due to cement production. 1 tonne of cement


• Releases 1 tonne of CO₂


• Consumes 5 million BTU of energy


• Uses 2 tonnes of raw materials

 

BubbleDeck concrete

Classification of bricks

On field practice

Clay bricks are classified as first class, second class, third class and fourth class based on their physical and mechanical properties.

First class bricks

1. The completely burned and are of deep red, cherry or copper color .

2. Square and rectangular surfaces, straight edges and sharp corners should be smooth and parallel.

3. These should be free of cracks and stones.

4. They should have a similar composition.

5. With an impression of a zero- one nail is kept in the brick.

6. Fractured surface of the brick and limestone lumps should not show.

7. The two bricks are struck against each other should be a metallic or ringing sound.

8. Submerged in cold water for 24 hours, the water absorption of the dry weight should be 12-15 %.

9. Crushing strength of the brick must be less than 10 N/mm2. The limit varies across the country with various government organizations.

Uses: These are used for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforced brick work.

Second class bricks

1. Little amount of cracks are permitted.

2. Higher absorption about 16–20% of its dry weight.

3. The crushing strength should not be less than 7.0 N/mm2.

Uses: These are used for all the hidden type of brick masonry.

Third class bricks

They are less burnt and light-colored produces dull sound while hitting with each other.

Uses: They are used for temporary structure due to less strength.

Fourth class bricks

Poor burned and deformed shapes and sizes and are fragile by nature.

Uses: The ballast of such bricks is used for foundation and floors in lime concrete and road metal.

On the basis of use

Common brick

It is usually performed without reference to the special purpose unit of economic production. The strength and durability, and appearance is a result of where the load is going to be used for baking and walls.

Facing bricks

They are made for architectural view only.

Engineering bricks

They are strong, impermeable, smooth, table moulded, hard and conform to defined limits of absorption and strength. These are used for all load bearing structures.

On basis of finish

Sand-faced brick

It has sand texture surface manufactured by sprinkling sand on the inner surfaces of the mould.

Rustic brick

It has mechanically textured finish, varying in pattern.

On basis of manufactured

Hand-made bricks

These bricks are hand moulded.

Machine made

Depending upon mechanical arrangement, bricks are known as wire-cut bricks—bricks cut from clay extruded in a column and cut off into brick sizes by wires; pressed- bricks—when bricks are manufactured from stiff plastic or semi-dry clay and pressed into moulds; moulded bricks—when bricks are moulded by machines imitating hand mixing.

On basis of burning

Pale bricks

They are underburnt bricks obtained from outer portion of the kiln.

Body brick

They are well burnt bricks occupying central portion of the kiln.

Arch brick

They are overburnt also known as clinker bricks obtained from inner portion of the kiln.

On basis of types

Solid

Small holes not exceeding 25 per cent of the volume of the brick are permitted; alternatively, frogs not exceeding 20 per cent of the total volume are permitted.

Perforated

Small holes may exceed 25 per cent of the total volume of the brick.

Hollow

The total of holes, which need not be small, may exceed 25 per cent of the volume of the brick.

Cellular

Holes closed at one end exceed 20 per cent of the volume.




Classification of bricks

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Concrete has great compressive strength but needs more materials for tension. In the past, the steel used to reinforce concrete low tensile load. Furthermore, other materials are also used as fiber reinforcement. The ‘green’ construction, which seems to be limited to the physical structure embodied energy. We think highly of the rapid turnover and reinforces the need to find materials that can serve as. At the same time, the material will have to work in extreme conditions correctly. In 1966 at Naval Engineering laboratory released the document of “BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION” and noticed the ultimate use of bamboo as reinforcement for construction. There are so many types of bamboos are available in the world for best properties for this use. BAMBOO can replace the steel reinforcement in construction if it will be coated by decay resistance cover. As like steel, bamboo can be bent by applying heat which can form pressure. By this method Bamboos can be bent in to C shape and like in stirrups. It can be placed either wet or dry bamboo. To avoid moisture in Bamboo waterproof coating added to the exterior. This coating can avoid the swelling of Bamboo during construction. Waterproof coating is required because without this bamboo will swell during construction and there are chances of damage of structure.     Techniques are same for casting only material (bamboo) and its properties are changed. Bamboo due to the low modulus flexural members of the crack growth under load is always normal service. With this the above- grade concrete structures reinforced with bamboo standard treatment for severe conditions will handle the expected load. However buildings with concrete foundation or concrete structures and for general use force in the event of a natural disaster can create acceptable conditions. Bamboos don’t have greater strength like steel, so it is preferable for only light weight structure.

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Cool roof-Reduction the temperature of roof.

Cool Roof

Cool roofs offer specially designed to reflect the sun and reduce thermal emittance. In other words, they reflect more sunlight than your average roof, and the top of a building in the hot or cold air leaking roof. Under the intense heat of the summer sun, dark ceiling tile can reach 150 degrees Fahrenheit (65.5 degrees Celsius) temperatures. Reflected in a cool roof can reduce more than 50 degrees.



Reducing the temp. of roof is good, but main benefits are inside. A cold roof where the air trapped inside the building by reflection or intense heat, improves indoor temperature. The stress placed on the air conditioning systems, there is a reduction in emissions due to food of our heat and reduce cooling. Cool Roof reflective cool roof shingles and tiles, including color and material can be tied together.

Cool Roof

Cool roof-Reduction the temperature of roof.

How to calculate quantity of reinforcement by formula?

Now its time gone to remember all the unit weight …

Just remember a simple formula and get all the unit weight of reinforcement ..

And the formula is …..

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

(D^2)/162.28

Ex.. Assume we want to calculate Quantity of 8mm bars…

        Quantity= 8*8/162.28

                          =0.222kg/m

By this method we can calculate quantity of all the reinforcement…..

How to calculate quantity of reinforcement by formula?

How to calculate quantity of cement?

Suppose we take M20 grade concrete…

M20 = 1:1.5:3

Volume = 1+1.5+3=5.5

Total volume ingredients for using =1.57

Volume of broken stone Require = (3/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.856 m3

Volume of sand Require = (1.5/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.471 m3

Volume of cement = (1/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.285 m3

= 0.285 x1440 = 411 kg

For 1m3 of M20 (1:1.5:3)

Broken stone = 0.856 m3

Sand = 0.472 m3

Cement = 8.22 bag

you can simply calculate quantity of cement of all the grade of concrete by mentioned method….

How to calculate quantity of cement?

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