Construction of Itaipu Dam
In 1960, the governments of Brazil and Paraguay in their countries to support the needs of the growing power of shared resources working together on a project in a way was found. The tool, which form a natural border between the two nations is the Paraná River, which was the seventh largest in the world. The project uses the energy and convert it into electrical energy that was a massive dam.
July 22 1966, the hydroelectric plant in Brazil and Paraguayan Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the dam and associated agreed to study the possibility of constructing a signed document. It’s starting to work however, it was not until February 1971. Construction is underway, and the legal issues were still in control. In particular, the countries of Argentina, a few miles south of the dam site, the conflict in the dam could be used as a weapon he was worried. All doors, a torrent of water that can be built to flood the capital, Buenos Aires, Argentina opened. To allay the concerns of the three countries of the dam may be submitted at any time of the agreement of October 1979 on the amount of water introduced.
During the planning phase, engineers are needed and how it should be determined what kind of prey. It is easy to put a dam on the river in the chosen place is locked, but just wanted to generate all the power is enough , 150 meters deep lake have created a . Instead, he decided to Itaipu dam was not alone, but 4.8 miles (7.2 km) long and 738 feet (225m) high dam series. The Itaipu dam in the world more than any other to produce hydroelectricity would create a huge lake is allowed.
Earthfill dam, the dam, rockfill dam, built with concrete, one of the main dam and the dam is a concrete walkway. All dams and the enormous weight of their large size (referred to as a gravity dam) based on the water stops. Gravity Dam Glen Canyon Dam in the United States, since the structures are different. The Glen Canyon Dam holds water, pushing against the sides of a narrow valley, which is a fine concrete arch. Instead of the huge Itaipu dam, where the water pressure is great at the top and narrow at the base portion, a large triangular cross section would have looked.
Diverting the River
Construction crews for the job it was dry enough to start buiding around the construction site was to divert the river’s flow. Paraná is one of the world’s five largest rivers, the project was a challenge in itself. Rock and dust, 50 million tonnes to 300 meters deep and 1.3 miles long, 490 feet wide at the water were removed to create a bypass channel. In addition, the construction of temporary cofferdams to keep water out of the zone was placed in the old river road. The river diversion was never tried in and took three years to complete. In October 1978, the new channel opened by blasting the concrete blocks out of the way and let the water pour through was.
The construction of the dam itself in the recruitment of 40 thousand workers, mostly from Brazil, are necessary. To accommodate them, the new community hospitals, schools, parks and churches were built. Unfortunately, the 149 employees were killed during the construction of the project.
More than 12.3 million cubic meters of concrete was poured to build the dam. Some sections of the concrete in the hot sun naturally allowed to establish the cause of the cracks and weaknesses, many of which were not properly dried. To prevent this, the hardening of the cooling plant (50,000 domestic freezers equivalent) is used to cool the concrete mass.
Also, during the construction of the Eiffel Tower 380 copies, enough to make iron and steel. 8.5 times more rock and soil, it is necessary to cut the Channel Tunnel between England and France moved to the construction of the dam. The building also “Chunnel” is used more than 15 times the concrete.
Filling the Reservoir
October 13, 1982 on the location of the dam, diversion channel will be closed and filled to the point where the lake was completed. Because during this period of heavy rain, 105 miles ( 170 km ) long and wide, 4 ½ miles (7 km ), which took 14 days just to fill the tank. The lake is filled with water that contains 29 billion tons.
May 5 1984, the first power generating units was completed and brought on- line officially closed to open. The remaining units of the capacity of the dam gradually increased each year for the next seven years will be installed.
The plant hydropower generation, which is in the main concrete dam Itaipu. Construction crews half mile long power in the house two large turbines are installed. Each turbine was 53 meters in diameter and weighs 800 tons. Each of these turbines can generate power of 700 MW were connected to the two generators. They were installed in the grip of a theoretical production capacity was 14,000 MW. However, only 18 turbines treaty with Argentina under the limit determined by the flow of water to be used at a time. Additional units however, continue to manage the rest of the turbine / generator, the off-line for maintenance can be expected.
The 94,684 -megawatt dam in 2008, the increasing amount of energy generated by the dam will produce. 25 percent of its power with the power of Paraguay and Brazil provides about 90 percent. The dam, renewable energy, 434,000 barrels of oil per day to burn an equivalent amount of energy generated.
The Environmental Cost
While the Itaipu Dam is an amazing achievement and was selected by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, its construction did come at a cost. Almost 10,000 families had to be relocated before their homes were flooded by the growing reservoir. Also, the spectacular Guaíra Falls was submerged under the lake and then dynamited to allow safe navigation of the river. The Guaíra Falls, also known as the “Seven Falls,” was thought by many to be the most spectacular natural water feature in the world. It had a total height more than twice that of Niagara Falls and a water flow that was more than double.
Itaipu Dam
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